contiguity. David Burton is working on redistricting for North Carolina. The City’s boundaries and geography present challenges to redistricting principles, including compactness and contiguity. Alternatively, residents can use the GIS tool to locate the area of their Community of Interest and print their map, and then draw the boundaries on with an ink pen, for example, and scan and email or mail their map to the above address. Redistricting is the drawing of district boundaries ... compactness, contiguity, and respect for political subdivision lines—then courts must apply a “strict scrutiny” standard of review. For example, ensuring contiguity and compactness in district maps helps avoid the practice of gerrymandering because it What is Compactness. Redistricting is the redrawing or adjusting of electoral district boundaries every ten years to account for population shifts and growth during the previous decade. Redistricting is a complicated, even arcane process, but one with a significant impact on the nation’s political landscape. • Ratio of the circumference of a district and the area of a district. THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO Gerrymandering. The Constitution contains the Compact Clause, which prohibits one state from entering into a compact with another state without the consent of Congress. The measure of compactness can get complicated. All states also must comply with Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibits redistricting plans from discriminating on the basis of race by diluting the votes of certain minority groups. Beyond the immediate legal fight over whether Texas lawmakers again discriminated against voters of color when drawing new political districts, a quieter war is being waged that could dramatically constrict voting rights protections nationwide for years to come. 25 equal population. Redistricting determines which neighborhoods and communities are grouped together into a district for purposes of electing a council member. While compactness is one of the lower-ranking criteria, the district still raised eyebrows and was later revised. 25 Three landmark cases changed that in … 1 Introduction Compactness is treated in the law as an important legal bulwark against gerrymandering. The Apportionment Act of 1901, many court decisions, and 18 state constitutions require compactness for U.S. House districts, and 37 states require their legislative districts to be compact (see j.mp/aRED). The rules for redistricting vary from state to state, but all states draw new legislative maps either in the state legislature, in redistricting commissions, or through some combination of … Maptitude for Redistricting computes nine measures of compactness: Reock – an area-based measure that compares each district to a circle, which is considered to be the most compact shape possible. “So as we vote… we should take pride in what we’re doing,” said Rep. Brent Siegrist, R-Council Bluffs. Compactness Requirement The State constitutional compactness requirement was considered by the Maryland Court of Appeals in a challenge to the 1982 legislative redistricting plan. John Bel Edwards’ first time going through it as an executive. George L Clark has written his own redistricting software and come up with some good, substantially similar and interestingly different solutions based on a perimiter measure. Community of interest is a term for groups of people who share common social, cultural, racial, economic, geographic, or other concerns. 255 N. Forbes St. Lakeport, CA 95453. Geographic compactness: Compactness refers to the shape of a district and although there are several highly technical measures of compactness, the term generally refers to how irregular the shape of a district is. This process, called redistricting, is important in ensuring that each board member represents about the same number of constituents. The partisan breakdown of districts and the expected number of seats controlled by Democrats and Republicans, based on their long-term likelihood of winning each district. While most researchers measure compactness based on the shape of the districts boundaries, even before I did my legal research, I didn’t think that made the most sense. Various state and local jurisdictions, in an effort to reform redistricting and to make it more accountable, have been considering new goals, methods and criteria that would result in a more transparent redistricting process and one that uses honest and objective criteria. The city help in-person and virtual training for residents from June through November 12. The idea is to measure the compactness of a districting plan in a state using the average squared distance between voters within districts. The redistricting reforms considered have all been put forward as solutions to either the Republican bias of current district maps, the lack of competition in those districts, the lack of compactness in those districts, or the insufficient representation of racial minorities: This is to ensure that each Independent Redistricting Commission starts from scratch. The compactness of a district is greatest when the length of the district and the width of the district are equal. Compactness metrics. In addition, boundaries shall not be drawn for purposes of favoring or discriminating against a political party. It is also Gov. Additionally, where we start drawing the districts will influence what the final product looks like. The Board of Supervisors will reach out to local media to publicize the redistricting process. Compactness, contiguity, communities of interest, respect for political subdivisions, protection of core districts. Why does redistricting matter to me? Redistricting is the process of adjusting ward boundaries in order to equalize populations following the federal census, which is conducted every ten years. Redistricting is done using U.S. Census data, which was released in August, 2021. One of these plans is then approved without modification by the state legislature subject to gubernatorial veto. There are a number of data quality checks contained in Esri Redistricting that allow you to measure whether a district plan adheres to certain standards. A community of interest is a neighborhood, community, or group of people who have common policy concerns and would benefit from being maintained in a single district. Most studies say Democrats will still have the upper hand. • Simply outlawing funny shapes. 4th 707,719)One of the "traditional" redistricting principles, low compactness is considered to be a sign of potential gerrymandering by courts, state law and the academic literature. In the Chino Basin Water Conservation District, the Board of Directors is responsible for drawing board member districts. Districts with higher ratios are said to be less compact. How will our Board of Supervisors notify the public about redistricting? Geographical compactness (only where it does not conflict with preceding criteria).4 These principles lie at the heart of the redistricting process and serve important democratic purposes. equal population. In addition, boundaries shall not be drawn for purposes of favoring or discriminating against a political party. Lines shall be drawn to encourage geographic compactness. abstract. Each district must have around the same population. All traditional redistricting principles must be balanced against each other. Valuing compactness and equal population above all else will make it difficult for individuals in smaller or diffuse communities to gain effective representation. Racial/ ethnic compactness refers to the concentration of a racial/ethnic (Hispanic) group in a geographic area within a legislative district according to some rule of counting which is intended to represent political or voting equality. Iowa lawmakers have approved a new set of district maps, redrawing the congressional and legislative boundaries for the next decade. What is Contiguity. Of those three characteristics, the compactness (or non-compactness) of a district is usually the one that triggers accusations of gerrymandering, says Spencer, who also manages the website All About Redistricting. These groups are likely to have similar legis­lat­ive interests as well, and that means they can bene­fit from common repres­ent­a­tion in … Redistricting determines which neighborhoods and communities are grouped together into a ward for purposes of electing a council member. Who creates the District’s maps and how can the public participate in the process? REDISTRICTING COMPACTNESS zDevelopment of Compactness in FederalDevelopment of Compactness in Federal Apportionment Statutes: –No standards for CD’s until 1842 –Reapportionment Act of 1842 added requirement for singlefor single--member districts.member districts. But these grid maps reflect only two of the six criteria the commissioners are required to consider: Equal population; and; Compactness and contiguousness • Measuring the number of distinct straight lines and the number of kinks and bends. Compactness – Compactness refers to the shape of the district. Measuring the Compactness of Political Districting Plans Roland G. Fryer, Jr. and Richard Holden July 16, 2009 Abstract We develop a measure of compactness based on the distance between voters within the same district relative to the minimum distance achievable Œwhich we coin the relative proximity index. Redistricting criteria. The measure of a district’s compactness is the absolute value of the difference between the length and the width of the district. Criterion 1: Equal Population What is Population equality. Additionally, where we start drawing the districts will influence what the final product looks like. – – Population equality added in 1872 – – Compactness & contiguity added in 1901 – – All but standard were dropped in 1929 racial fairness. In redistricting, the notion of compactness is difficult to evaluate because one begins with irregularly shaped borders and the political subdivisions may be irregular in shape. The redistricting cycle resulting from the 2010 Census was one of the most contentious in recent memory. Scholars have proposed more than one hundred measures of district compactness to analyze legislative maps, but each of these measures lacks a critical threshold at which a district becomes suspect. Redistricting criteria. ... Compactness - Ensure that the constituency of each district is reasonably well-related, geographically within as compact an area as reasonably achievable. Compactness A term used to describe a district's geographic shape. Equal Population. Its creator, Dave Bradlee, modified the app to make this project possible. Nesting The Arizona Constitution mandates that redistricting begin with a grid map. Redistricting, the process of drawing electoral district boundaries, takes place in the United States following the completion of each decennial census, to account for population shifts. Source: Science Friday. ... Redistricting Data is delivered to the Legislature February 15, 2011*: House Committee hearing on redistricting data. To withstand strict scrutiny in this context, the state must demonstrate that it Redistricting processes used in the U.S. 942 R. Forgette, G. Platt / Political Geography 24 (2005) 934e951 subdivisions; and (4) compactness. –Population equality reaffirmed in 1872 –Compactness & … Daves Redistricting has a program you can run to tinker with district maps if you have microsoft silverlight. Compactness is a common state-imposed requirement for redistricting plans. Most observers look to measures of a district’s geometric shape. Michael McDonald . Redistricting is the process of drawing political maps. (9 minutes) Below are district maps for US House and state legislatures that have been optimized for equal population and compactness only.No partisan power plays. References for Compactness: Redistricting the Nation racial fairness. compactness can lead to more fair plans (compared to implemented plans) and limit gerrymandering potential, but there is a consistent asymmetry where the party with rural supporters has an advan- Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Before courts recognized this legal principle, states redrew political boundary lines on their own schedules, if at all. A Compaction Measurement Score is used to assess the district’s boundary. Do not favor or discriminate against political parties *Respect for means minimize divisions 12. preservation of existing political communities. Viewing compactness tests. Esri Redistricting assists state and local governments, advocacy groups, and the general public in drawing legislative and congressional redistricting plans following the 2020 U.S. Census. contiguity. The term compact is most often applied to agreements among states or between nations on matters in which they have a common concern. In California, districts are compact when they do not bypass nearby population for people farther away. What is redistricting How often does it happen? Redistricting Season is Open Every 10 years, U.S. states redraw their congressional and state legislative maps to account for changes in population. This seems like a great idea in that the measure is precisely defined and depends on where people live. (Wilson v Eu (1992) 1Cal. compactness. Redistricting is carried out every 10 years based on the population totals reported by the US Census. All demographic data is from the 2010 census. Compactness is an interesting consideration. A circle is a perfectly compact shape. Redistricting is about balancing these competing interests. Ratio of the area of the district to the area of a circle whose circumference is equal to the perimeter of the district. In 17 states, there is a requirement that congressional districts be compact. Redistricting is a complicated, even arcane process, but one with a significant impact on the nation’s political landscape. 5. Redistricting criteria. Compactness “To the extent practicable, and where this does not conflict with the criteria above, districts shall be drawn to encourage geographical compactness such that nearby areas of population are not bypassed for more distant population.” Proposition 11 6. Texas is quietly using redistricting lawsuits to launch a broader war against federal voting rights law ... communities of interest and geographic compactness. Each district must be one continuous shape... no islands. Redistricting happens once every 10 years, meaning that this is most of the legislature’s first time partaking in the process. Adherence to the Federal Voting Rights Act ; Compactness and Contiguity ; Councilmembers Remain in Their Districts - A requirement of the Mesa City Charter This is to ensure that each Independent Redistricting Commission starts from scratch. preservation of existing political communities. ... contiguity, integrity, and compactness of territory, and (4) community of interests of the division. In the Chino Basin Water Conservation District, the Board of Directors is responsible for drawing board member districts. contiguity. ... Lines shall be drawn to encourage geographic compactness. During the hearing Friday, the justices asked the parties’ lawyers which factors they should prioritize when picking from among a group of maps that all appear to meet four traditional redistricting criteria: compactness, contiguity, minimal splits, and equal population. Jacksonville redistricting plans for City Council may gerrymander Black voters, experts say, diluting their voting strength. partisan fairness. The language varies from state to state, but generally requires redistricting plans to contain geographically compact districts. The rule used may be that a majority of the voting-age citizens belong to the racial/ethnic group or that racial fairness. Redistricting: Compactness. partisan fairness. The majority Democratic districts all failed the compactness requirement, the attorneys said. It describes boundaries that are drawn closely and neatly packed together unless there are good reasons such as VRA compliance or following oddly shaped boundaries, like city boundaries or rivers. Redistricting Best Practices. Equal Population is the constitutional principle that requires periodic redistricting in the first place. One of the “traditional” redistricting principles, low compactness is often a sign of potential gerrymandering by courts, state law and the academic literature. Rules of Redistricting: Communities of Interest What is a Community of Interest? Several districts in several counties were challenged, the principle districts being in Montgomery County and Baltimore City. Redistricting is about balancing these competing interests. equal population. Valuing compactness and equal population above all else will make it difficult for individuals in smaller or diffuse communities to gain effective representation. ... lines shall be drawn to encourage geographic compactness. Districts cannot have any skinny extensions, jagged features, etc. For decades, redistricting in Texas has tracked a familiar rhythm — new maps are followed by claims of … Compactness is having the minimum distance between all the parts of a constituency. The most compact districts form either a circle, square, or a hexagon. REDISTRICTING COMPACTNESS zDevelopment of Compactness in Federal Law – – No standards for CD’s until 1842 – – Reapportionment Act of 1842 added requirement for single-member districts. Legislative redistricting methods Each state draws new … ATTN: Redistricting 2021. Contiguity (Redistricting) continuous shape with no spaces Compactness (Redistricting) ill defined, shapes spread all over the place, Geographic/Political Boundaries country lines, rivers, mountains What is Gerrymandering? While several states have pursued redistricting reform via the legislative process, others have … Gerrymandering is the process of making the maps favor one political party or group over another, often restricting the voting power of certain groups of people. Contiguity of the districts. Compactness in Perspective Compactness is only one of numerous criteria to be met: must balance with others Population equality is first priority Achieving best possible compactness may not work because plan may not meet other legal criteria Need to use census info, natural boundaries, preserve communities of interest Compare compactness metrics— When two plans are open for comparison, you can now compare the compactness metrics between two plans. Redistricting is the process of redrawing council districts. Source: Washington Post. The court upheld each challenged district The Senate voted 48-1 to pass the new maps. partisan fairness. Given 2016 June 9, at TEDx Cambridge. compactness. A district that is not compact may be considered gerrymandered. For this reason, a number of measures of compactness have been devised to assess or defend the districts in a plan. Maptitude for Redistricting is the easy to use, professional tool for political redistricting. This process, called redistricting, is important in ensuring that each board member represents about the same number of constituents. Also drawing attention: How … Few states define precisely what “compactness” means, but a district in which people generally live near each other is usually more compact than one in which they do not. As discussed today, districts should be as compact and contiguous as is practical and possible, to comply with the City’s Charter. -internationally manipulating, district lines … ArcGIS software provides comprehensive features and functionality for plan … • Redistricting is the process of adjusting the existing district boundaries ... Compactness: If it doesn’t conflict with preceding criteria 7. January 12, 2022. Timeline For Redistricting (Cont.) The location of imaginary lines is irrelevant. The entire legislative redistricting plan … preservation of existing political communities. In addition, traditional redistricting criteria include: Compactness of the district boundaries. See the equation Polsby-popper. What is the difference between redistricting and reapportionment? The court upheld each challenged district Timeline For Redistricting (Cont.) Schwartzberg – a perimeter-based measure that compares a simplified version of each district to a circle. Redistricting Mapping. The foundation of Esri Redistricting is Esri's proven ArcGIS software platform and pertinent dataset components. THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO The … Impartial Automatic Redistricting The best results so far based on 2010 Census data.. Watch the TED Talk! 96%. As the name indicates, it is viewed as a good measure of the dispersion of the area of a district. Compactness must be understood within the context of North Carolina’s geography. For example, the 11th Congressional District in western North Carolina, depicted in Figure 4, is as compact as it can be but would fare poorly when measured by either the Polsby-Popper test or Reock score. Redistricting has changed significantly over the years as federal and state laws, norms, best practices, and public opinion has transformed. Compact districts tend to resemble geometric shapes, such as squares, with straight … Compactness Requirement The State constitutional compactness requirement was considered by the Maryland Court of Appeals in a challenge to the 1982 legislative redistricting plan. PLAY. The algorithm is run for 1,000,000 steps which results in 1,000,000 alternative maps that strictly follow traditional redistricting criteria. One may also ask, what did the Supreme Court rule on gerrymandering? ... Redistricting Data is delivered to the Legislature February 15, 2011*: House Committee hearing on redistricting data. compactness. The House voted 93-2 in favor of the redistricting plan. Compactness in redistricting cases often focuses on the regularity or jaggedness of a district boundary and on the extent to which the district's geographic territory is dispersed from its center. preservation of existing political communities. Federal Courts ruled on cases in Arizona, North Carolina, Virginia and Florida, sometimes upholding redistricting commissions and sometimes striking down gerrymandered districts. compactness can lead to more fair plans (compared to implemented plans) and limit gerrymandering potential, but there is a consistent asymmetry where the party with rural supporters has an advan- The Arizona Constitution mandates that redistricting begin with a grid map. The redistricting process is governed by the U.S. Constitution, federal law, and California law. Redistricting is the process by which the boundaries of US congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. It is really population distribution that determines compactness. The process is governed by federal and state laws as well as a Board Resolution which sets forth the procedures for fixing the boundaries of the five wards. Redistricting is done using U.S. Census data, which will be released in August, 2021. Redistricting is done using U.S. Census data, which will be released in August, 2021. Another common redistricting requirement is compactness, a term which lacks a universal political definition but is often determined by a district’s geometric shape. California’s citizens redistricting commission is designed to be nonpartisan, but party politics will be influenced by its final congressional and legislative maps. The redistricting reforms considered have all been put forward as solutions to either the Republican bias of current district maps, the lack of competition in those districts, the lack of compactness in those districts, or the insufficient representation of racial minorities: An agreement, treaty, or contract. The example in redistricting game was 640,000-650,000. Perimeter – a test that lets you compare plans where the plan with the … A law enacted in 1967 requires that only one U.S. representative be elected from each congressional district. equal population. Compactness intuitively refers to both how close a legislative district’s boundaries are to its geographic center and how “regular” in shape a district appears to be. An important feature of the redistricting process was the opportunity for interested residents to use a software program to prepare their own proposed district maps in accordance with the City Council’s adopted criteria. Retrogression. compactness. Compactness refers to the principle that the constituents residing within an electoral district should live as near to one another as possible Compactness can be measured as a ratio of the circumference of a district and its total area. Equal Population - Every vote is equal so districts must be nearly equal in population. Redistricting is a complex process involving population demography data, legal guidance and community interests. The Advisory Redistricting Commission is an ordinance adopted by the Board of Supervisors to recommend two possible supervisorial district maps. Six of the seven alternative congressional district maps were drawn using Dave’s Redistricting App, a free online tool for experimenting with political boundaries. Compactness, contiguity, communities of interest, respect for political subdivisions, protection of core districts. Of those three characteristics, the compactness (or non-compactness) of a district is usually the one that triggers accusations of gerrymandering, says Spencer, who also manages the website All About Redistricting. Contiguity by Sameea Kamal and Jeremia Kimelman December 1, 2021. The recommended district maps are based off of the 2020 U.S. Census data. Compactness Compactness refers to a districts’ geographic shape and how its interior is dispersed within its boundaries. For this reason, a number of measures of compactness have been devised to assess or defend the districts in a plan. Maptitude for Redistricting is the easy to use, professional tool for political redistricting. Maptitude for Redistricting computes nine measures of compactness: Another way of understanding a community of interest is that it Another widely used compactness measure is the ratio of the area of a district to the area of a circle with the same perimeter as the district (the Polsby-Popper or Perimeter measure): Polsby-Popper or Perimeter Measure. Compactness Standard for Redistricting . contiguity. Compactness is also required in federal law as one of the “traditional redistricting principles” which, when followed, can “defeat a claim that a district has been gerrymandered...” on the basis of race (Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630, 647, (1993)) or political party (Davis v. In most cases, the gold standard for a district’s shape is a circle. Several districts in several counties were challenged, the principle districts being in Montgomery County and Baltimore City. 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