They are compactness within districts, contiguous borders among districts, and a near equal number of constituents within each district, compactness within districts, continuous borders among districts, and a new equal number of constituents within each district compactness within districts . How the maps compare on district competitiveness, minority makeup, respect for local borders, compactness and the efficiency gap, an attempt to gauge how politically gerrymandered a set of districts is Compactness looks at how close together all parts of a district are. This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the district. The current map's scores are 0.38 and 0.27, respectively. Simply open a shapefile, load in census and election data (if not already included in the shapefile), and hit "Go". Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. Compactness. Compactness. When drawing districts to represent a region, it is best practice to strive for a compact district, since non-compact districts are less likely to share communities of interests (2010's Executive Council & some 2020 NH To make matters worse, this word compactness can be found in legal codes, where some states say that districts must be "(reasonably) compact" but don't give any suggestions for how to measure the compactness of a district. Along with compactness, the Voting Rights Act (VRA) requirements, and the "one person, one vote" requirement, districts must be contiguous and as close to equal in population as possible. Geographic compactness: Compactness refers to the shape of a district and although there are several highly technical measures of compactness, the term generally refers to how irregular the shape of a district is. Compactness by District When you click on the "Advanced" command in DRA 2020, a section shows you district-by-district compactness measurements. Measures of Compactness Report 2020 House JA FINAL 11-24-2 Polsby-Popper Sum N/A Min 0.14 Max 0.77 Mean 0.47 Std. Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. Auto-Redistrict is a free and open source computer program that automatically creates fair and compact electoral districts. Compactness. There are a number of ways to measure compactness, but two of the most widely used are a district's perimeter complexity and its dispersion around its center. Auto-Redistrict uses a genetic algorithm to design districts that meet multiple criteria, namely: Geometry. Dev. Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. [7] [8] A community of interest is defined by FairVote as a "group of people in a geographical area, such as a specific region or neighborhood, who have common political, social or economic . It doesn't actually directly optimize the measure of population compactness, but looks at related measures like the ratio of the block's distance to the average edge blocks' distances from each district's center, and the ratio of the populations of the two districts the block might go into. Compactness: Districts should be as compact as possible. Please note that further improvement of compactness is readily achievable by dividing several school districts in Luzerne and Carbon Counties, at the borders of SD29. Compactness is a widely used measure for quantifying the correspondence quality of an SSM (Davies, Twining, Cootes, Waterton, & Taylor, 2002; Su, 2011).A compact SSM is a model that has as little variance as possible and requires as few parameters as possible to define an instance. compact districts would have a statistically significant effect on voting outcomes, making election outcomes more responsive to actual votes. Compactness—Each district should be compact, that is, closely and neatly packed together (Oxford Dictionary). Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. For this reason, quantifying the shape of districts, in particular their compactness, is a key task in politics and civil rights. We show that at least two distinct components of shape--dispersion and perimeter length--are necessary elements of any reasonable compactness measure and that compactness may be based on geography or on population . Compactness Kentucky Senate: Abstract: The basic redistricting problem is defined as aggregating a set of base (indivisible) units into contiguous geographical areas with almost equal voter population, called districts, and districts into a district plan. For decades, legislative districts have been drawn with two general mandates, contiguity and compactness. Gerrymandering and Compactness: Implementation Flexibility and Abuse. Thus, a round-shaped district is deemed to be accept- able, while an octopus- or an eel-like one is not. For example, a large rural district will necessarily have a worse measure of compactness than a small urban district of the same shape. COMPACTNESS & THE LAW zMost states have generic language for compactness requirements - -"districts shall be compact in form…" - -"districts shall consist of compact territory…" - -Some states, such as Iowa have specific tests REDISTRICTING COMPACTNESS As a proud resident of Luzerne County, I believe it is important to have districts that best align with the principles of fairness and compactness set forth in the Pennsylvania State Constitution. Compactness looks at how close together all parts of a district are. The Azavea analysis evaluates geographic compactness of each district using four different formulas. It's meant to prevent protrusions that would isolate some residents of a district. Nearby, see the proposed Illinois House districts for northeastern Illinois. Lawyers for the Commonwealth of Virginia appeared before the state Supreme Court Thursday arguing that legislators are legally allowed to create electoral district maps -- even if the districts are not as compact as critics would hope. ographic compactness constraints, and political power. Some San Ramon voters in the southern parts of the city will see a shift in their rail transit district in the . This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the district. Compactness by District For each district, you see:. by Jeanita Lyman / Pleasanton Weekly. Compactness. misshapen districts so long as they meander within a confined area, as in Figure 5. Draw a line on the map. Polsby-Popper and Schwartzberg measure the indentation of the district, while Area/Convex Hull and Reock measure the dispersion of the district. As we move into the 1990s, compactness of legislative districts is likely to take on greater importance because of its relevance to questions of racial and partisan discrimination. One of the most popular measures of compactness is called the Polsby-Popper score. RALEIGH, N.C. (WTVD) -- The Raleigh city council member who cast the lone vote opposing a new district map at Tuesday's council meeting is calling the adopted plan, which affects who voters vote . This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the . A box is compact. In most cases, the gold standard for a district's shape is a circle. districts are not legally required by the Voting Rights Act. Any compactness measure which satisfies three desirable properties (anonymity of voters, efficient clustering, and invariance to . As the name indicates, it is viewed as a good measure of the dispersion of the area of a district. We propose a measure of compactness based on the distance between voters within the same district relative to the minimum distance achievable . Assigned District Splits. Compactness: District shapes should be "reasonable" Boundary preservation : District lines should follow natural and official boundaries, such as rivers or town and county borders For a slightly more detailed discussion, here's a handout . Compactness looks at how close together all parts of a district are. Compactness Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. Merriam-Webster defines compactness as "closely and neatly packed together; dense." A circle is perfectly compact. Section 3 presents the This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the. Length-Width compactness compares the width and the length of a district. The Polsby-Popper ratio, generally the most widely cited metric, and Schwartzberg ratio measure. 112 Practical application of district compactness 2. Boundary Analysis. Although there are statistical methods for calculating a district's compactness, many commentators have suggested that courts will more frequently use the "eyeball test" to determine if a district's shape raises compactness issues. District Compactness. Final Legislative Districts - Approved 1/17/12 - Compactness and Competitiveness Measures District Compactness Competitiveness Index 2 Competitiveness Index 3 Competitiveness Index 4 Competitiveness Index 5 The structure of the paper is as follows. Compactness Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. Compactness - Compactness refers to the shape of the district. Draw a point on the map. Thus the test discriminates . Title: included the criterion of compactness in their legal code for drawing districts. maximally compact districts are power diagrams and that the line separating two adjacent districts are perpendicular to the line connecting their centroids, and all such lines separating three adjacent districts meet at a single point. Uploaded: Mon, Apr 4, 2022, 8:51 pm. This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the . CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The United States Supreme Court has long recognized compactness as an important principle in assessing the constitutionality of political districting plans. Some of these include Iowa's measuring the perimeter of districts (Iowa Code §42.4(4), 2007), Maine's minimizing travel time within a district (Maine Statute §1206-A, 2013), and Idaho's avoiding drawing districts which are oddly shaped Reports. In Section 6, a few compactness measures are considered and we Compactness of a district; Contiguity of districts, and; Communities of interests; If you would like more information on redistricting in New Mexico, go to the 2011 New Mexico Redistricting website to find a variety of information related to redrawing legislative and congressional district boundaries and other redistricting resources. I chose to keep these whole, as school districts are recognizable communities of interest. This suggests that the important information is captured in a plot of cumulative variance. It's meant to prevent protrusions that would isolate some residents of a district. This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the. A . We also offer compactness data from our validated measure for 20,160 state legislative and congressional districts, as well as open source software to compute this measure from any district. "We have submitted an alternative proposal, which we can support, that adheres to federal and state requirements and addresses our legal concerns, while working to increase district compactness . Section 2 provides a brief legal history of compactness and an overview of existing measures. This approach, however, is flawed. We propose a measure of compactness based on the distance between voters within the same district relative to the minimum distance achievable - which we coin . Draw an arrow on the map. Instead, they have more ordinary shapes similar to rectangles and circles. Brad Kutner / March 1, 2018. Compactness intuitively refers to both how close a legislative district's boundaries are to its geographic center and how "regular" in shape a district appears to be. This comment is in relation to the LRC proposed map as it relates to Luzerne County. Viewing compactness tests. Compactness Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. misshapen districts so long as they meander within a confined area, as in Figure 5. If the state had a different number of congressional districts than the previous cycle, a random partition was created and then optimized to pass the backsliding test and to have a reasonable number of cut edges (compactness) and county splits relative to the last court-accepted plan. Representative districts shall be compact, contiguous, and substantially equal in population." Clear enough? When you click on the "Analytics" command in DRA 2020, the "Compactness" section helps you understand the degree to which the districts in your map are geometrically compact . Compactness refers to the principle that the constituents residing within an electoral district should live as near to one another as possible Compactness can be measured as a ratio of the circumference of a district and its total area. Draw a free-hand line on the map. It's meant to prevent protrusions that would isolate some residents of the district. An additional criterion frequently used in PD is the respect of existing administrative subdivisions of the territory (also known . Compactness looks at how close together all parts of a district are. Compactness. However, there is no standard baseline of compactness, and neither the Pennsylvania Constitution nor the state Supreme Court has set a . Winner of the 2018 Robert H Durr Award from the MPSA. This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the district. Changes to each are described below. Principle of the highest minimum. A total of 37 states impose compactness requirements on state legislative districts; 18 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts. Draw a polygon on the map. In sprawling regions, settlement areas are typically separated from shopping, business districts and cultural activity centres (Ewing et al. Compactness Districts are meant to be compact, meaning as closely and neatly packed together as possible. Board-approved election map moves southern part of city into District 5 with Dublin, Pleasanton, Livermore. District Reg 2-Way Final Congressional Districts - Approved 1/17/12 - Compactness and Competitiveness Measures Competitiveness Index 6 Competitiveness Index 7 Competitiveness Index 8 Competitiveness Index 9 All Registration District Compactness Competitiveness Index 2 Competitiveness Index 3 Competitiveness Index 4 Competitiveness Index 5. The Pennsylvania Constitution mandates that districts be compact, but it does not specify a metric or minimum threshold to measure districts. Any compactness measure that satisfies three desirable properties (anonymity of voters, efficient clustering, and invariance to scale, population density, and number of districts) ranks districting plans identically to our index. We compared the compactness of districts in states with partisan redistricting control to the compactness of districts in states with non-partisan redistricting methods (excluding the seven states with only one district) and found that if the redistricting is controlled by one party, the districts are more gerrymandered as defined by this . In particular, we study the impact of a compactness requirement. Compactness. Download File (Proposed Luzerne County Increased Compactness (1).zip). Thus the test discriminates . Issue Date October 2007. It's meant to prevent protrusions that would isolate some residents of a district. The affected districts are 20, 22, 23, 27, 29 and 40. Given a bounding box for a district (the rectangle which surrounds a district, with top and bottom parallel to the equator and sides orthogonal to the equator), the width ( W) is defined as the shorter side of that box and the length ( L) as the longer side of that box. Draw a free-hand polygon on the map. The compactness of a district -- a measure of how irregular its shape is, as determined by the ratio of the area of the district to the area of a circle with the same perimeter -- can serve as a . Compactness. Vandenberg (1977) demonstrated that a plan could have a few districts of low compactness (i.e., 'gerrymandered') compensated by super-compact districts elsewhere, and still achieve a high average. Compactness - Compactness helps us measure the cohesiveness of a district. Furthermore, the test is not only a measure of compactness, it is a measure of size as well. 2002). Furthermore, the test is not only a measure of compactness, it is a measure of size as well. Compactness Compactness To deter gerrymandering, many state constitutions require legislative districts to be "compact.'' Yet, the law offers few precise definitions other than "you know it when you see it,'' which effectively implies a common understanding of the concept. The most compact districts form either a circle, square, or a hexagon. The Pennsylvania Constitution mandates that districts be compact, but it does not specify a metric or minimum threshold to measure districts. On a scale of 0 to 1, where 1 equals maximum compactness, the final Senate map has a Reock score of 0.39 and a Polsby-Popper score of 0.33. DOI 10.3386/w13456. One measure of irregularity surrounding districts is known as compactness. (Also called Minority Coalition District) Community of Interest - A neighborhood, community, or group of people who have common policy concerns and would benefit from being maintained in a single district. Districts with higher ratios are said to be less compact. This is intended to minimize any protrusions that would be isolated from the rest of the district. New BART districts will shift portion of San Ramon. However, there is no standard baseline of compactness, and neither the Pennsylvania Constitution nor the state Supreme Court has set a . One formulation of this is as $ \frac{4 . Measuring the degree of mix is therefore an important descriptor of urban compactness (Storch and Eckert 2007). Contiguity and equal population are relatively easy to determine, by looking at the proposed maps and the population data, respectively, compactness is . CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): We develop a measure of compactness based on the distance between voters within the same district relative to the minimum distance achievable - which we coin the relative proximity index. Compactness. The United States Supreme Court has long recognized compactness as an important principle in assessing the constitutionality of political districting plans. Our algo-rithm allows us to examine possible requirements that have been suggested as a means to mitigate or eliminate gerrymandering. For example, a large rural district will necessarily have a worse measure of compactness than a small urban district of the same shape. The districts are colored according to their compactness, which is a term that comes up a lot in gerrymandering discussions. -"districts shall be compact in form…" -"districts shall consist of compact territory…" -Some states, such as Iowa have specific tests REDISTRICTING COMPACTNESS zDevelopment of Compactness in FederalDevelopment of Compactness in Federal Apportionment Statutes: -No standards for CD's until 1842 It describes . Metes and Bounds. It follows that the resulting districts are convex polygons. It's what Trudeau alluded to in his remarks — oddly shaped districts are often, but not always, a sign that gerrymandering shenanigans are afoot. Draw text on the map. The shape of an electoral district may suggest whether it was drawn with political motivations, or gerrymandered. In our most recent white papers on the topic, we used four commonly cited metrics for calculating compactness of legislative districts. 0.14 District Polsby-Popper GI-FRA 0.21 LAM-2 0.32 LAM-3 0.43 See also: Survey Research, Legislative Redistricting Last updated on 07/31/2021 Striving for the geographic compactness of electoral districts is a traditional principle of redistricting (Altman, 1998), and, to that end, many jurisdictions have included the criterion of compactness in their legal code for drawing districts. While contiguity is easily discernible, a single accepted measure of district compactness . There are a number of data quality checks contained in Esri Redistricting that allow you to measure whether a district plan adheres to certain standards. Compactness is having the minimum distance between all the parts of a constituency. Transcribed image text: There are three rules for drawing congressional districts within states. Virginia Supreme Court Weighs 'Compactness' of Election Districts. Compactness: District shapes should be "reasonable" Boundary preservation : District lines should follow natural and official boundaries, such as rivers or town and county borders For a slightly more detailed discussion, here's a handout . Another widely used compactness measure is the ratio of the area of a district to the area of a circle with the same perimeter as the district (the Polsby-Popper or Perimeter measure): Polsby-Popper or Perimeter Measure Any compactness measure that satisfies three desirable properties (anonymity of voters, efficient clustering, and invariance to scale, population density, and number of districts) ranks districting plans identically to our index. While there are different measures of compactness, compact districts would not have the ugly and peculiar shapes that current districts have that are drawn to serve the purposes of incumbents and political parties. Compactness Almost as often as state law asks districts to follow political boundaries, it asks that districts be "compact." By constitution or statute, 32 states require their legislative districts to be reasonably compact; 17 states require congressional districts to be compact as well. Take a look at the figure below. 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